Direct Conversion of the Oleaginous Yeast<i>Rhodosporidium diobovatum</i>to Biodiesel Using the Ionic Liquid [C<sub>2</sub>mim][EtSO<sub>4</sub>]
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this study, the direct conversion of wet oleaginous yeast biomass to fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) using base transesterification in the presence of an ionic liquid was optimized. The ionic liquid, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethylsulfate, was used to facilitate this process and improved the yields of FAME transesterified directly from wet biomass using potassium hydroxide (KOH) as a catalyst. Factorial screening was first used to identify critical factors affecting the transesterification yield, and subsequently, response surface methodology was employed to study the interaction of methanol, KOH, and temperature on reaction yield. The optimized conditions for dried biomass were found to be 16.9 g methanol/g yeast, 0.056 g KOH/g yeast, 2 g [C 2 mim[EtSO 4 ]/g yeast, and 65 °C, which yielded 97.1% conversion of the maximum FAME yield in only 2.5 h. The optimized system was further studied to observe the reaction profiles and FAME yield over time from both dry yeast and fresh wet yeast biomass containing varying degrees of water (from 65 to 80 wt %). The ionic liquid was found to improve total overall yield of FAME (96.9 ± 0.4%) compared to the negative control without ionic liquid (69.6 ± 5.0%) when wet yeast was used. While all the ionic liquid was recovered from the reaction, it contained only 59.3% of the catalyst, suggesting a heterogeneous catalyst may be more appropriate in future work.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".