Thermodynamic Formation Conditions for Propane Hydrates in Equilibrium with Liquid Water
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Accurate knowledge for hydrate formation conditions of pure propane in the presence of liquid water is important to avoid flow assurance issues in processing, storage and transportation of liquefied petroleum gas, as well as modeling hydrate based separation processes involving type II hydrates. Experimental dissociation conditions were measured using the phase boundary dissociation method, which has the advantages of reduced experimental time and generation of more equilibrium dissociation data when compared to other hydrate measurement techniques. In this study, phase equilibra measurements are reported for 99.5 mol % and 99.999 mol % propane at the phase boundary for the liquid water (Lw)-hydrate (H)-propane vapour (C3H8 (g)) and Lw -H-liquid propane (C3H8 (l)) loci. The results were modeled using van der Waal and Platteeuw model for the hydrate phase and reduced Helmholtz energy equation for the fluid phases. Results are compared with highly variant literature data, where large deviations observed for the Lw-H-C3H8 (l) phase boundary can be mainly attributed to purity and experimental techniques used in the literature.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".