Different Routes to the Same Competitive Destination: VOIP Regulation in the United States and Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Internet Telephony, also known as Voice over the Internet Protocol ("VoIP") has changed the way people communicate with one another.Not only is it cheap, but it also offers many features previously unavailable with telephones.This innovation, however, comes at a price for regulators, as the nature of the technology creates unique (and previously unheard of) regulatory obstacles.As such, VolP presents an interesting scenario for both the U.S. and Canadian governments.In response, both have attempted to address the issue via their own methods.However, for the technology to be truly viable, these governments need to pay close attention to the consumer uptake of VoIP, as well as the potential for anti-competitive harm by providers.In doing so, they must apply the appropriate regulation where necessary and leave certain portions of the market unregulated.If properly executed, regulators stand to have a great chance of ensuring VoIP' s viability for the near future. I. What is VoIP anyway?VoIP allows users to make phone calls over an Internet broadband connection. 1 This use of Internet technology is a dramatic shift from "traditional" telephony (which is based over phone lines).By using the Internet, VoP allows users to access many more features than with 2 traditional telephony.For instance, industry analysts invite us to "imagine a phone call with your mother, she instantly messages you her meatloaf recipe, t Stephen Rodini is a recent graduate of Case Western Reserve University School of Law.He cultivated an interest in US and Canadian telecommunications law and policy through a position with MCI Corp's International Regulatory Affairs Department upon graduation from College.During law school he interned with the FCC's Wireline Competition Bureau, Competition Policy Division.Case Western Reserve University School of Law Student Note.Voice-Over-Internet Protocol, Consumer & Governmental Aff.Bureau, httP://www.fcc.gov/voip (last visited Mar. 20, 2008).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.008 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.020 | 0.007 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.013 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.005 | 0.006 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".