Polymer Flooding at an Adverse Mobility Ratio: Acceleration of Oil Production by Crossflow into Water Channels
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Water channels are formed in highly permeable thief zones or in situations with a strong adverse mobility ratio, such as waterflood in heavy oil reservoirs. This paper discusses the effect of tertiary polymer injection on oil mobilization in already established water channels generated by viscous unstable flow in apparent homogeneous rock material. Polymers may accelerate oil production by moving oil into water channels, known as crossflow. The conditions for crossflow to occur are discussed and quantified by key parameters for maximizing crossflow. Crossflow in layered rock with permeability contrast has been studied extensively. We have also studied permeability contrast in conventional thief zones for comparison. Recently published experimental studies, including in situ saturation maps, have proven acceleration of heavy oil production by injection of polymer in rather homogeneous sandstones. The simulation study involves computation of saturation-induced crossflow, in particular with respect to wettability, relative permeability hysteresis, capillary pressure, oil viscosity, mobility ratio, and polymer viscosity. To have a realistic representation of channeling, the water channels are constructed from waterflooding saturation data at adverse mobility. Saturation-induced crossflow into water channels at homogeneous permeability is found to be strongly affected by wettability, viscosity ratio (oil/water), and width of water channels.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".