The physicochemical and thermodynamic properties of the choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvents
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper reports the physicochemical (density, dynamic viscosity, electrical conductivity and refractive index) and the thermodynamic (thermal expansion coefficient, molecular volume, lattice energy and heat capacity) properties of several choline chloride (ChCl) based deep eutectic solvents (DESs), with 1:2 mole ratio, respectively: ChCl:propylene glycol, ChCl:1,3-dimethylurea and ChCl:thiourea, at atmospheric pressure as a function of temperature over the range of 293.15?363.15 K. Their properties were also compared with those of some already characterized ChCl-based DESs, namely ChCl:ethylene glycol, ChCl:glycerol and ChCl:urea (1:2 mole ratio). Density, viscosity and refractive index of all DESs decrease with the increasing temperature while the electrical conductivity increases. Viscosity and conductivity of the tested DESs were fitted by both Arrhenius-type and Vogel?Tamman?Fulcher equations. The changes of molar enthalpy, entropy and Gibbs energy of activation, determined using the Eyring theory, demonstrated the interactional factor as predominant over the structural factor for all DES systems. The fractional Walden rule, used to correlate molar conductivity and viscosity, showed an excellent linear behaviour. It was shown that ChCl:propylene glycol DES had properties similar to ChCl:ethylene glycol and ChCl:glycerol DESs. However, the properties (density, viscosity and electrical conductivity) of ChCl:1,3-dimethylurea and ChCl: :thiourea DESs were inferior to those of the ChCl:urea DES.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".