Radicalisation, Community and the Politics of Protest in the Spanish Second Republic: Asturias, 1931–34
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract In October 1934 thousands of leftists took up arms in a two-week revolutionary insurrection in the northern Spanish region of Asturias which shook the Second Republic (1931–1936) and formed part of a critical European juncture of protest in 1934. This article rethinks the process of radicalisation—a key process for understanding both the insurrection and the wider polarisation of Spanish society prior to the Civil War—in the context of the Asturian coalfields. I argue that radicalisation, understood as a more militant, confrontational mode of politics, rather than as having any particular ideological content, needs to be located in the struggles, divisions and anxieties at a local level, shaped by understandings of community, within the wider national and international context. Increased tension and confrontation was due to a combination of factors, including competition amongst different leftist groups to present themselves as the most anticlerical, alienation from the main mining union, anxieties over the perceived emergence of fascism, and a spiral of protest and repression shaped by a more heavy-handed state policing strategy in 1934. The interplay of social and political factors provided the energy behind the revolutionary insurrection. This serves to re-evaluate the process of radicalisation in the Second Republic, and the politics and struggles of the working class in a dark and tumultuous decade for the European left.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.009 | 0.011 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".