Serum neurofilament light concentration increases following a season of american football
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective To examine neurofilament light (NF-L), a microtubule-associated protein widely regarded to be central nervous system (CNS) specific, concentrations in serum prior to and following a season of contact (American football) and non-contact (cross-country running) in elite, collegiate-aged athletes. Design Prospective cohort. Setting Laboratory. Participants 13 male American football athletes (19±1.2 years) and 11 cross-country runners (20±1.9 years). Intervention Pre- and post-season blood samples were obtained from all participants and spun at 2000 g for 10 minutes to extract serum. NF-L was detected through the isolation of individual immunocomplexes on pragmatic beads using standard ELISA reagents. The beads were then trapped in single-molecule, femtolitre-sized wells, allowing for a digital readout of each individual bead. The digital nature of this technique allows an average of 1000x sensitivity increase over conventional assays. Outcome measures Analysis of pre- and post-season serum samples provide NF-L concentrations. Results Serum samples from American football players showed a significant increase (p=0.04) from pre-season NF-L serum concentrations (95% CI: 6.51 – 9.19 pg/mL) to post-season (95% CI: 7.08 – 11.70 pg/mL). Serum NF-L concentrations in cross-country runners showed no change (p=0.57) from pre-season (95% CI: 5.05 – 6.94 pg/mL) to post-season (95% CI: 5.05 – 6.88 pg/mL). Conclusions Experiencing repetitive subconcussive head-trauma throughout a season of American football elevates serum NF-L concentrations. This finding indicates multiple head-impacts may lead to CNS axonal damage. Competing interests None.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it