Bone Mineral Density in Aesthetic and Performance Sports in Female Collegiate Athletes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Bone mineral density (BMD) in female athletes is influenced by many factors including genetics, menstrual history, calcium and vitamin D levels, hormonal changes, and physical activity. Percussive activity has been shown to lead to increased BMD. Peak BMD is achieved between the ages of 16-20 in females. Females begin participation in both ice hockey and synchronized swimming during crucial bone building years, which may affect peak BMD and therefore risk of osteoporosis later in life. PURPOSE: To evaluate BMD in the lower limb between ice hockey and synchronized swimming female collegiate athletes. METHODS: 41 female collegiate athletes (n = 22 hockey players, n = 19 synchronized swimmers) received a total body and left femur iDXA scan to evaluate total and regional BMD. Average age of the athletes was 20.30 ± 1.77 yrs. Average weight of the athletes was 65.36 ± 8.37 kg (synchronized swimmers: 62.62 ± 8.45 kg, hockey players: 67.73 ± 7.73, (F(1,40) = 4.09, p ≤ 0.05). Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to compare BMD of the legs, pelvis, femur, femoral neck, femoral shaft, trochanter, and total body while controlling for age and weight. RESULTS: Average body fat percentage as measured by iDXA for all athletes was 28.55 ± 5.97 %. Hockey players had higher BMD than synchronized swimmers in their legs (F(1,37) = 17.31, p ≤ .01), pelvis (F(1,37) = 34.63, p ≤ .01), femur (F(1,37) = 15.2, p ≤ .01), femoral neck (F(1,37) = 7.30, p ≤ .01), femoral shaft (F(1,37) = 13.77, p ≤ .01), trochanter (F(1,37) = 25.88, p ≤ .01), and total body (F(1,37) = 17.58, p ≤ .01). CONCLUSIONS: Female collegiate hockey players have higher weight and age adjusted BMD than female collegiate synchronized swimmers in the lower limb and multiple sites around the femur. A lower BMD puts these female athletes at a greater risk of developing osteoporosis later in life. Exercise scientists should develop alternative land training programs that focus on bone loading exercises for female synchronized swimmers to optimize bone health at a young age.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".