An intercontinental hybrid simulation experiment for the purposes of seismic assessment of a three-span R/C bridge
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Hybrid simulation is a promising tool that permits the integration of different laboratories in real time to undertake a set of joint experiments on individual components assembling a structural system. The components studied either analytically or experimentally can be physically distributed and thus potentially located anywhere. The same concept has also been applied for the numerical coordination of distributed sub-structures in the framework of multi-platform simulation (Kwon et al. 2007). The advantage of the hybrid experimentation approach is that it permits the use of multiple facilities and different numerical analysis packages, enabling the experimental investigation of complex physical phenomena and the concurrent numerical use of the most sophisticated constitutive laws, element types and features that each specialized software provides for each individual numerical component. Notwithstanding the major advancements made so far in hybrid experimentation, it is notable that the vast majority of such trans-laboratory campaigns has taken place within the U.S (e.g. Spencer et al. 2004). The scope of this paper therefore, is to present the recent findings and technical challenges encountered in similar hybrid experiments between E.U. and the U.S. for the study of seismic soil-structure interaction effects in bridge structures. This is an interesting case of a five-partner hybrid experimentation located in both sides of the Atlantic. The physical testing of a bearing is also deemed to be an additional challenge. The paper discusses the parameters that were found to affect the efficiency and repeatability of distributed analysis while it investigates the resilience of the procedure in cases of abrupt network failure. For this scope, the seismic response of a 100m long, three span, reinforced concrete bridge is assessed, by sub-structuring into five structural components (modules); four of them being numerically analyzed in computers located in the cities of Thessaloniki (Greece), Naples (Italy), Urbana-Champaign (U.S.), and Toronto (Canada) while the fifth module being tested in Patras (Greece). The results of the hybrid experiment as well as the implications of the parameters involved in the feasibility, robustness and repetitiveness of an intercontinental hybrid simulation are critically discussed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".