The value of computerised neurocognitive testing at medical clearance to return to play following a sport-related concussion in youth ice hockey players
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective To determine the value of the Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT) tool in measuring neurocognitive recovery following concussion. Design Nested case-control. Setting Sport Medicine Centre, Alberta, Canada. Participants Ice hockey players (n=96; 88.5% male, 11-17 years old) following concussion who completed ImPACT at baseline and medical clearance to return to play (RTP) were compared to controls (n=31) matched for age, sex, and testing time interval. Assessment of risk factors Players who sustained a concussion were referred to a study physician for assessment and RTP clearance based on clinical assessment and SCAT2/3. Physicians were blinded to ImPACT scores. Outcome measures ImPACT composite scores were measured (i.?e., verbal memory, visual memory, reaction time, visual motor) at each time interval [i.e., baseline and RTP (cases)/second measurement (controls)]. Between-interval ImPACT reliable change scores (80%CI) were compared. Main results At RTP (Median days since injury: 22, range: 2–84), 43/96 (44.8%) concussed players and 11/31 (35.5%) controls had ≥1 composite scores reliably worse than at baseline. Conditional logistic regression analysis (n=31 matched pairs) did not demonstrate a difference in the odds of having ≥1 reliably worse composite score between concussed and controls [OR=2.00 (95% CI: 0.5–8.0)] or ≥1 reliably better composite score [OR=1.2 (95% CI: 0.37–3.93)]. Conclusions The utility of baseline ImPACT scores in medical decisions to RTP may be limited by the reliability of composite scores in youth populations. Caution is warranted when interpreting ImPACT scores post-concussion on an individual level using baseline performance. Future research including multivariable analyses is warranted in a larger sample. Competing interests Brian Brooks is a co-author of a paediatric memory test for which he receives royalties. No financial interests in ImPACT are declared. None for all other authors.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.012 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".