Psychophysiological stress in athletes across concussion recovery milestones
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background Psychophysiological stress markers across concussion recovery milestones have not been examined in an integrated study. Objective To examine physiological (heart rate variability [HRV] and salivary cortisol) and psychological (mood, perceived stress, symptoms, and sleep quality) factors of stress in concussed athletes across clinical recovery milestones. Design A prospective case control repeated measures study was conducted over three clinical recovery milestones: Symptomatic (acute), Asymptomatic, and 1-week Post Return-to-Play (RTP). Setting Single university athlete program monitored by the university’s sport medicine clinic, Ontario, Canada. Participants Male and female varsity athletes (n=26; M=16, F=10) with medically diagnosed concussion and their matched controls (n=26; M=16, F=10). Outcome measures Physiological: HRV and salivary cortisol; psychological: mood, perceived stress, sleep quality and symptoms. Main results Univariate analyses identified a group by sex interaction for specific HRV measures (RR intervals p=0.0084, Low frequency Power p=0.0084, Mean Heart Rate p=.0049, and Low/High Frequency Ratio p=0.0084). Multivariate analyses of HRV identified main effects for sex and group, and a significant interaction with reduced HF HRV for female concussed athletes through to 1-week post RTP (FDR=.05). HRV suppression was related to mood disturbance in males (FDR.05). Psychological measures were significantly worse for concussed athletes relative to controls at the Symptomatic Phase, but significantly better at 1-week post RTP (paired Wilcoxon at FDR=.05). Funding disclosure This study was supported by a grant from the Canadian Institute of Health Research (CIHR) −2012-ABI-CAT1-971 to L. Mainwaring. Conclusions For both males and females, mood disturbance, symptoms, and sleep quality perturbations were resolved by 1-week post RTP whereas autonomic nervous system disruption persisted beyond RTP in females. Psychophysiological non-invasive markers show promise for concussion monitoring. Competing interests None.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".