Cold Tolerance in Annual Bluegrass Exposed to Anoxic and Hypoxic Conditions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The use of impermeable tarps has been adopted by golf course superintendents in North America to prevent winter injury due to direct cold temperature exposure and ice damage; however, without ventilation, anoxic conditions can develop under tarps, which can result in extensive damage to annual bluegrass ( Poa annua L.) greens. Currently, no information is available to help superintendents determine when or how frequently ventilation under tarps or ice cover is needed for injury prevention. A controlled environment study was performed to determine the effects of anoxic and hypoxic conditions on cold tolerance, represented by the lowest temperature at which 50% survival occurs and nonstructural carbohydrate concentrations of annual bluegrass, and to determine at what gas concentrations managers should ventilate under impermeable tarps. In general, turf exposed to anoxic conditions had reduced cold tolerance at all sampling days, highlighting the importance of avoiding anoxic conditions under impermeable covers. Glucose, fructose, sucrose, and total sugar concentrations did not respond to atmospheric gas treatments as predicted, and no relationship between elevated carbohydrates and increased cold tolerance was observed in this study. Conflicting reports on the role of carbohydrates in winter hardiness suggest a more biologically complex relationship between the two variables, and other factors such as proteins and phytotoxic compounds should be investigated. It is recommended that superintendents who are monitoring atmospheric conditions under impermeable tarping systems should ventilate under tarps as soon as oxygen levels reach 5% to prevent winter injury.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".