Serum Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Schoolchildren from Northern Norway: Dietary Impact
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to measure PFAS concentrations in serum of schoolchildren in northern Norway and to assess possible associations with dietary variables. Materials and methodsAltogether 1038 schoolchildren aged 15-19 years were invited to participate in the Fit Futures 1 study in 2010-11 in the Troms arctic district of northern Norway.93% of those invited have participated in the study.All the participants completed the questionnaire including questions about dietary and life-style variables.Blood tests were sampled from 940 participants in special glass vials for pollutant analyses and were kept in a biobank at -40 °C before the analyses.Perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS), perfluoropentane sulfonate (PFPS), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), perfluoroheptane sulfonate (PFHpS), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorononane sulfonate (PFNS), perfluorodecane sulfonate (PFDS), perfluorododecane sulfonate (PFDoDS), perfluorooctane sulfonamide (PFOSA), perfluorohexanoate (PFHxA), perfluoroheptanoate (PFHpA), perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), perfluorononanoate (PFNA), perfluorodecanoate (PFDA), perfluoroundecanoate (PFUnDA), perfluorododecanoate (PFDoDA), perfluorotridecanoate (PFTrDA) and perfluorotetradecanoate (PFTeDA) were measured by ultra high pressure liquid chromatography coupled to a triple quadrupol mass spectrometer (UHPLC-MS/MS). Results and conclusionsSeveral PFAS were found in serum of schoolchildren in the arctic Troms region of Norway.PFOS, PFOA, PFHxS, PFNA and PFDA were the most usual PFAS found in this population, they were detected in more than 99% of the samples.Even though PFOS has been phased out from most producers in 2000 and has been forbidden for use in Norway since 2007, it is still found in highest serum concentrations among all measured PFAS due to its continued presence in the environment and micro-environments of households.PFOA showed the highest concentration within the group of perfluorocarboxylic acids.PFUnDA and PFHpS were found in more than 95% of the samples, while PFHpA, PFHxA and PFNS were found in respectively 75%, 22% and 14% of all participants.PFDoDA and PFTrDA were found in <10% of the samples.PFTeDA, PFPS, PFDoDS, PFDS, PFOSA concentrations were under LOD in 100% of the study population.Associations of different PFAS with food variables were assessed by multiple regression analyses with adjustment for age, gender and BMI.The strongest positive associations were observed with intake of fat fish, fish liver, seagull eggs and reindeer meat.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".