Exploring the Relationships of Body Composition, Aerobic Fitness and Physical Activity Levels with Arterial Stiffness in Healthy Children with Children with Congenital Heart Disease
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Physical activity is a key modulator for arterial health and greater arterial stiffness increases mortality risk. Children with congenital heart disease (CHD) are often less physically active compared to healthy children and this may predispose them to greater arterial stiffness. PURPOSE: To explore the relationships of body composition, aerobic fitness and physical activity levels with arterial stiffness in children with CHD and healthy age- and sex-matched controls. METHODS: Nineteen children with CHD (m/f: 9/10; mean ± SD; age 11 ± 3 years) and 22 age-matched healthy controls (m/f: 12/10; age 11 ± 3 years) were studied. Carotid-radial pulse-wave velocity (PWV) was assessed with applanation tonometry (foot-to-foot method) to determine arterial stiffness. Average daily minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) was assessed by 7-days of accelerometry. Total lean body mass (LBM) was measured via dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Aerobic fitness was determined by 6-minute walk test (6MWT). Data were analyzed with linear correlations and stepwise multiple regressions, with significance accepted at P < 0.05. Analyses were performed across all participants pooled, split into CHD and control groups only, and split into high MVPA (N = 21; 64 ± 19 minutes/day) and low MVPA (N = 20; 23 ± 11 minutes/day) groups. RESULTS: There was a significant correlation of LBM with PWV in all participants pooled (R = 0.536, P < 0.001) and in controls only (R = 0.668, P < 0.001), but not in CHD only. There was no significant correlation of 6MWT or MVPA with PWV in pooled analyses or when split into CHD and control groups. When split by physical activity level, in the high MVPA group, LBM significantly predicted PWV (R2 = 0.224, P = 0.03), and in the low MVPA group, LBM and 6MWT distance significantly predicted PWV (R2 = 0.571, P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In children with CHD and healthy controls, body composition predicts arterial stiffness independent of physical activity levels. Aerobic fitness further predicts arterial stiffness only in children with low physical activity levels. Our findings suggest that interventions to improve body composition and aerobic fitness may be especially important for arterial health in less physically activity children, independent of health status.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".