La Loi Sur L’Immunité Des États Canadienne Et La Torture (The Canadian State Immunity Act and Torture)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
French Abstract: Les cours ontariennes ont conclu que les pays tortionnaires jouissent de l'immunite juridictionnelle au Canada puisque la Loi sur l'immunite des Etats (LIE) ne permet pas expressement les actions portant sur la torture. Elles ont conclu que la LIE a evacue la common law preexistante en matiere d'immunite des Etats. Selon l'auteur, cette conclusion est mal fondee. Pour nous le demontrer, l'auteur commence par exposer l'historique et l'evolution de la doctrine de l'immunite des Etats. Il nous montre ensuite qu'il subsiste au Canada un regime de common law qui opere en parallele a la LIE et qui permet l'emergence d'exceptions a l'immunite des Etats qui sont reconnues par la coutume internationale. Enfin, il nous propose un cadre analytique pour permettre l'etude et la reconnaissance eventuelle de nouvelles exceptions a l'immunite des Etats en common law. Suivant cette demarche, l'auteur conclut que la torture ne doit pas etre caracterisee d'acte souverain. En effet, seuls les actes souverains de l'Etat jouissent de l'immunite juridictionnelle en common law. Or, cette derniere entend par « acte souverain » l'acte accompli dans l'exercice legitime du pouvoir public, alors que l'acte qui contrevient aux normes imperatives du droit international est desavoue par la communaute internationale. English Abstract: Ontario courts have concluded that states with a record of torture benefit from jurisdictional immunity in Canada because the State Immunity Act (SIA) does not expressly protect actions involving torture. Although the courts concluded that the SIA replaced the pre-existing common law related to state immunity, the author believes this conclusion to be unfounded. To demonstrate this conclusion, the author begins by explaining the history and evolution of the doctrine of immunity. He then argues that alongside the legislative regime of the SIA, there remains in Canada a common law regime that gives effect to emerging exceptions to immunity that are acknowledged by international custom. Finally, he proposes an analytical framework that will allow consideration and recognition of new exceptions to immunity within the common law framework. The author concludes that torture should not be characterized as a act; indeed, only acts should enjoy jurisdictional immunity in common law. While a sovereign is an act that arises in the exercise of legitimate public power, acts like torture, which contravene norms of international law, are repudiated by the international community and are thus illegitimate.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.007 | 0.007 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.010 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".