Soil quality changes in field trials comparing organic reduced tillage to plough systems across Europe
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Conservation agriculture and organic farming are currently considered as environmentally friendly options for producing food. This study explores the motivations and problems of organic European farmers that apply at least two conservation techniques: (i) no-tillage, (ii) reduced tillage and/or (iii) green manure. We carried out a survey with 159 farmers located in 10 European countries. Data were analysed with a principal component analysis followed by clustering to identify groups of farmers with similar motivations and problems. The most important motivations are related to soil preservation and problems are mainly linked to agronomic conditions and crop management. There are three groups of farmers that share the same type of attitude: “atypical farmers”, “soil conservationists” and “agro-technically challenged farmers”. Further research may address in priority agronomic problems, such as weed infestation, caused by adoption of conservation agriculture in organic agriculture.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.007 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".