Towards the accurate characterization of the shell parameters of microbubbles based on attenuation and sound speed measurements
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Measurements of microbubble (MB) shell parameters is a challenging task because of the nonlinear dynamics of MBs. Shell parameter estimations that are typically based on solving linear models will generate inaccurate results, especially at higher pressure excitations. These approaches also often ignore the analysis of sound speed which provides useful information about the bulk modulus of the medium. In addition, the effect of MB-MB interaction is neglected. In this work, the attenuation and sound speed of monodisperse MB populations with mean diameters of 4 to 6 micron and peak concentrations of 1000 to 15000 bubbles/ml are measured for a pressure range of 10 to 100 kPa. The subharmonic pressure threshold of the solution was measured by narrowband excitations spanning from 1 to 4 MHz. The subharmonic generation pressure threshold was used to estimate an initial guess for shell viscosity and surface tension. The experimental results were fitted using numerical simulations of the Marmottant model and our recently developed nonlinear model for attenuation and sound speed. The effect of MB-MB interaction was also implemented using simulations of a lattice of interacting MBs (fitted to the measured sizes of MBs) to take into account the effect of concentration.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".