Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In May of 2006, the Hrubec group suddenly began to observe neural tube defects (NTDs) in embryos of untreated control mice. Unintentional exposure to a teratogenic agent in tap water was identified as the cause. We aimed to identify the contaminant, but first we demonstrated that the NTDs were pathological being present on both gestational day 9 and 10. We also found that a second species, rats, developed NTDs when exposed to tap waters. Disinfection by-products (DBPs) arise when natural organic matter in municipal water sources reacts with disinfectants used in the water treatment process. Purge and trap gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (PT GC-MS) and animal exposure studies were used to determine if the teratogenic contaminant was a DBP. Since the distribution pattern of DBPs did not match the distribution pattern of NTDs, we concluded that a DBP was not likely to be responsible for the observed malformations. Pharmaceuticals and personal care products have emerged as ubiquitous contaminants of ground and surface waters, and have been detected in drinking water. In order to analyze for these compounds, we submitted different water samples to a commercial water analysis lab (AXYS Analytical Services, Sidney, BC, Canada). Several pharmaceuticals were identified in a number of samples, including a known teratogenic drug used to treat mood disorders and seizures: carbamazepine. Further analysis for carbamazepine was conducted in-house. Carbamazepine was found in several ground, surface, and tap waters, at various concentrations. To establish whether or not carbamazepine was responsible for NTDs in our mice, we conducted 2 dosing studies. Carbamazepine was provided to mice at concentrations detected in tap water, as well as approximately 2 x and 1000 x that concentration. Both studies found no significant differences in NTD rates among the dose groups. As no dose effect was observed, we concluded that CBZ was not directly responsible for the malformations. The identity of the teratogenic contaminant is not known at this time, but is unlikely to be a DBP or low concentrations of the pharmaceutical carbamazepine.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it