Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Self-conscious efforts at nation building, while only partially successful, created a clear presence of the nation in the social imaginary and, along with often quite successful state-centred development strategies, focused politics on the state as the source of the resources of modernity and access to the market. One-party states and military autocracies provided opaque carapaces within which patronage networks could be negotiated among ethnic elites with more and less success in different states. From the 1980s, however, neo-liberal market doctrine and Structural Adjustment Programs, intent on eliminating state ‘interference’ and corruption from economic growth, produced uneven and segmentary globalization with widespread economic decline, social decay and disorder, a weakening of states, and increasing corruption expressed in conflicts framed in terms of moral ethnicity and political tribalism. Nationalism became powerfully intertwined with mobilized ethnicity in struggles, not to destroy but control post-colonial states. Efforts at democratization actually increased ethnic conflict, especially conflicts about autochthony, which focused on the meaning of national citizenship, belonging, and access to the resources of state and market. At the beginning of the twenty-first century, African states were both shadows and portents of the developing global crisis of social diversity and cohesion.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.006 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".