Correntropy-Based Pulse Rate Variability Analysis in Children with Sleep Disordered Breathing
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Pulse rate variability (PRV), an alternative measure of heart rate variability (HRV), is altered during obstructive sleep apnea. Correntropy spectral density (CSD) is a novel spectral analysis that includes nonlinear information. We recruited 160 children and recorded SpO2 and photoplethysmography (PPG), alongside standard polysomnography. PPG signals were divided into 1-min epochs and apnea/hypoapnea (A/H) epochs labeled. CSD was applied to the pulse-to-pulse interval time series (PPIs) and five features extracted: the total spectral power (TP: 0.01–0.6 Hz), the power in the very low frequency band (VLF: 0.01–0.04 Hz), the normalized power in the low and high frequency bands (LFn: 0.04–0.15 Hz, HFn: 0.15–0.6 Hz), and the LF/HF ratio. Nonlinearity was assessed with the surrogate data technique. Multivariate logistic regression models were developed for CSD and power spectral density (PSD) analysis to detect epochs with A/H events. The CSD-based features and model identified epochs with and without A/H events more accurately relative to PSD-based analysis (area under the curve (AUC) 0.72 vs. 0.67) due to the nonlinearity of the data. In conclusion, CSD-based PRV analysis provided enhanced performance in detecting A/H epochs, however, a combination with overnight SpO2 analysis is suggested for optimal results.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".