Where ‘shale’ we go from here: opportunities and challenges in shale plays located outside the USA
Bibliographic record
Abstract
While the ‘shale revolution’ is well underway in the United States, shale development has been slow to non-existent throughout the rest of the world despite a global abundance of shale resources. While energy economics no doubt play a major role in this current state of affairs, this report highlights the fundamental need for two distinct yet intertwined “licenses to operate” — the social license to operate and the legal license to operate — that must be effectively in place before shale development outside the United States can begin to take off. This report first discusses the social license to operate in the global oil and gas industry, and analyzes the roles social media, water stewardship, and governments play in the issuance of the social license to operate. This report next identifies the equally important yet often overlooked role played by the legal license to operate in the global oil and gas industry, and advocates for the adoption of Colorado’s regulatory framework as a means of ensuring an effective and legitimate legal license to operate that augments and reinforces the social license to operate. Having provided the conceptual framework of the social and legal licenses to operate, this report then surveys opportunities and challenges in Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Canada, Mexico, South Africa, and the United Kingdom — all countries with significant shale resources. This report's country-by-country survey seeks to provide fundamental knowledge regarding the above- and below-ground factors that can either influence or inhibit the obtainment of the social and legal licenses to operate in each country, which in turn will drive where the shale revolution will expand to next.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".