Hepatitis B Virus Vaccine–Induced Cell-Mediated Immunity Correlates with Humoral Immune Response following Primary Vaccination during Infancy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Data on hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccine–induced cell-mediated immunity (CMI) and humoral immune response during infancy is scarce. We assessed HBV vaccine–induced CMI among infants stratified as nonresponders (Ab against HBV surface Ag [anti-HBs] levels <10 IU/l), low-responders (anti-HBs levels 10–100 IU/l), and high-responders (anti-HBs levels ≥100 IU/l) following their primary vaccination against HBV. Moreover, we assessed the association between HBV vaccine–induced CMI and anti-HBs levels. Infants were immunized with HBV vaccine at ages 2, 4, and 6 mo. Hepatitis B surface Ag (HBsAg)-specific proliferation, intracellular cytokine production, and bulk cytokine secretion were assessed on PBMCs collected at 1 y and anti-HBs levels were measured at 1 and 2 y of age. Infants classified at 2 y of age as low-responders (n = 28) had lower median levels of secreted IFN-γ than high-responders (n = 29), 17.15 pg/ml versus 33.16 pg/ml, respectively, p = 0.009. Infants classified at 2 y of age as nonresponders (n = 15) had lower median levels of secreted TNF-α than high-responders (n = 29), 116.11 pg/ml versus 162.27 pg/ml, respectively, p = 0.032. There was a positive correlation between HBsAg-specific secreted IFN-γ levels at 1 y and anti-HBs levels at 1 and 2 y of age, rho = 0.269 and 0.302, respectively, (p = 0.019 and p = 0.01, respectively). There was a positive correlation between anti-HBs levels at age 1 y and the levels of secreted IL-10, rho = 0.297, p = 0.009. HBsAg-specific IFN-γ, IL-10, and TNF-α secretion correlated with HBV vaccine–induced humoral immune response. Assessment of CMI is a useful adjunct in demonstrating the persistence of HBV vaccine–induced memory immune response.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".