Quantifying air temperature evolution in the permafrost region from 1901 to 2014
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Permafrost is sensitive to climate change. In recent decades, a growing body of research has focused mainly on the study of permafrost thaw, but leaving the climate change in the permafrost region that has not been adequately assessed, which is of first importance for the research on permafrost thaw. Using gridded observations from the Climatic Research Unit ( CRU ), in conjunction with the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Reanalysis Interim ( ERA ‐Interim) and Japanese 55‐year Reanalysis ( JRA ‐55) data, this study investigates characteristics of air temperature evolution in the region of permafrost throughout the 20th century. Results show that yearly air temperatures in the permafrost region of the Northern Hemisphere experienced a statistically significant warming, with trends of 0.13 °C decade −1 for 1901–2014 and 0.40 °C decade −1 for 1979–2014. Winter air temperatures showed the greatest increase during 1901–2014, while autumn air temperatures increased the most during 1979–2014. In addition, increases in air temperature in high‐latitude permafrost sub‐region are greater than those in high‐elevation permafrost sub‐region, and air temperatures in the permafrost sub‐region of Mongolia have the largest trend from 1901 to 2014, followed by those in Russia, Alaska, Canada, and China. Air temperatures in the permafrost region increased 1.7 times more than temperatures globally from 1901 to 2014, and underwent an increase at a rate of 0.32 °C decade −1 during the period 1998–2014, when the global warming hiatus occurred with a trend of 0.06 °C decade −1 . This implies that permafrost thaw may have continued during the global warming hiatus period. The close agreement between CRU data and ERA ‐Interim and JRA ‐55 reanalysis data indicates good reliability of air temperature evolution characteristics. These results provide information relevant to climate change in the permafrost region, and are useful for researching and understanding historical permafrost change.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".