William Bartram: a Maker and Painter of America’s Image in its Enlightenment
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The American Enlightenment of the eighteenth century was a critical time in the early years of the emergent nation as Americans increasingly explored and investigated all fields of knowledge, from philosophy to natural science. One lesser-known early American of the period, who was especially significant to early American natural science, was the naturalist William Bartram (1739-1823), whose most vital role in the American Enlightenment was that of helping America assert itself in a scientific world largely dominated at the time by European scientists. In this respect, Bartram reinforced the efforts of men like Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin to prove America to be a capable nation able to act independently. Bartram’s work also helped to develop and advertise the image of America to the world as a young and growing nation. This paper, therefore, while first seeking to explore Bartram’s critical role as a maker and painter of America’s image during its Enlightenment, also displays some of the critical difficulties (outside of its politics) facing early America.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.010 | 0.012 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.007 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".