Contactless Asphaltene Detection Using an Active Planar Microwave Resonator Sensor
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this paper, a noncontact real time method for asphaltene concentration measurement and precipitation detection is presented. An active high sensitivity microwave resonator sensor is utilized to monitor asphaltene particles and its complex permittivity at 1.2 GHz. The sensor utilizes a microstrip microwave resonator with an active feedback loop to compensate for the environmental loss and to enhance the quality factor of the sensor by several orders of magnitude (>10K). The sensor is utilized to directly measure the concentration of the liquid through monitoring its complex permittivity. It is also illustrated that time-based measurements can be used to increase the accuracy by providing two independent data sets, i.e., concentration and time constant. Next, heptane is mixed with different concentrations of asphaltene and monitored in real time. The results demonstrate the capability of noncontact measurement of the precipitation process at different asphaltene concentrations. The findings exhibit a substantial step toward a low-cost, real-time, and noncontact chemical monitoring device.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".