Bibliographic record
Abstract
Resent research work at Eka Chemicals and Chalmers University of Technology has involved methods for surface modification of silica particles.The surface modification comprises chemical modification of the silica surface with silanes.The silanes are covalently attached via condensation reaction and introduce hydrophilic and/or hydrophobic groups to the silica surface.These particles have been shown to be effective as emulsifier in model oil/water system.In this study, the hydrophilic silane was synthesized by reacting a hydrophilic poly (ethylenglycol) methylether (MPEG) with a coupling agent, (3-Glycidyloxypropyl) triethoxysilane (GPTES).The hydrophilic MPEG-GPTES and hydrophobic isobutyl (trimethoxy) silane were hydrolyzed and grafted to the silica particles under alkaline conditions to avoid physisorption of the MPEG chain to the surface and favor the condensation reaction.Different ratios of the silanes were grafted to the particles to alter the surface coverage and thus the hydrophilic and hydrophobic character.The amount of covalently bond hydrophilic silane to the silica surface was evaluated by NMR diffusometry.The most efficient grafting of the hydrophilic silane corresponded to a surface coverage of covalently bond MPEG-GPTES of 0.105 µmol/m 2 .Isobutyl silane was grafted corresponding to a surface coverage of 0.5 to 3 µmol/m 2 with yields around 96 % measured by HPLC.Surface and interfacial tension of the sols was measured at pH 2, 4, 7 and 10 to study effects of pH and evaluate the character of the particles with focus on emulsions.The most surface active particles were the ones grafted with 0.105 µmol/m 2 MPEG-GPTES and 1 µmol/m 2 isobutyl silane.These particles showed the lowest surface tension values and also the lowest interfacial tension value between paraffin oil and water.Finally the modified silica particles were evaluated as emulsifier in the model oil-water systems of squalane, n-heptane and paraffin oil.Emulsification parameters were studied and the emulsion droplet sizes were evaluated by laser light diffraction and optical microscopy.Emulsification tests showed that the paraffin oil/water (70/30) system emulsified with 2 wt% modified silica particles of the oil mass at an operating speed of 24000 rpm for 5 min gave the best emulsions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".