HQ - US Army Development of High Voltage Olivine Cathode
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The need for environmentally friendly, safe, stable, and low cost materials for application in lithium-ion batteries has led to strong interest in developing olivine-type LiMPO 4 (M = Fe, Mn, Co, Ni) cathode materials. Among them, LiFePO 4 (LFP) has been extensively studied and commercialized. However, LFP has some special shortcomings in practical applications, such as low potential plateau (3.4 V vs. Li/Li + ) and small packing density (due to the inclusion of large-volume carbon), which lead to relatively low specific energy density (580 Wh kg -1 ). Whereas LiCoPO 4 (LCP) in the olivine family has been considered as an attractive cathode candidate due to the large theoretical capacity (167 mAh g -1 ), high operating voltage (4.8 V vs. Li/Li + ) and high specific energy density (800 Wh kg -1 ). However, LCP suffers from severe capacity fade due to the low intrinsic electronic/ionic conductivity, structure deterioration and electrolyte decomposition [1]. In this work, Hydro Quebec and US Army Research Laboratory dedicated to develop the high voltage olivine cathode. Specifically, partially Co-substitution strategy with a carbon coating was successfully used to improve the cycling stability of LCP cathode [2]. FIG. 1 shows the cyclability of substituted-LCP olivine cathode at room temperature under C/3 rate, from which no obvious capacity loss was observed in 100 cycles. Moreover, phosphate based cathodes may provide higher abuse tolerance than oxides at a given voltage due the strong covalent band of P-O. Therefore, the substituted high voltage LCP olivine cathode has the apparent potential to be a next decade success story in lithium-ion technologies and to find large application in the next generation lithium-ion batteries. References [1] K. Tadanaga, F. Mizuno, A. Hayashi, T. Minami, M. Tatsumisago, Electrochemistry 71 , 1192 (2003). [2] J. L. Allen, J. L. Allen, T. Thompson, S. A. Delp, J. Wolfenstine, T. Richard Jow, J. Power Sources , 327 , 229 (2016). Figure 1
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".