A current overview of diagnosis and treatment in retinopathy of prematurity
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Follow-up Protocols and Current Approach to ClassificationRetinopathy of prematurity (ROP) was first defined by Terry in 1942 (retrolental fibroplasia) (1).The disease is one of the most important causes of blindness in childhood, in both developed and emerging countries (2).Current data indicate that while blindness rate due to ROP varies from country to country, ROP developed in an estimated 184,700 preterm infants around the world in 2010.Some 20,000 infants experienced severe vision loss or blindness as result of ROP (3).Birth week and low birth weight are the most important risk factors among many that have been defined (4).Screening protocols developed over the years have made great progress in early diagnosis.The American Academy of Pediatrics, the American Academy of Ophthalmology, the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, and the American Association of Certified Orthoptists began to publish guidelines about first examination week, screening, and follow-up examinations in 1995.Revisions of 2000 and 2006 were updated in 2013, and it now includes statement that all infants born at 30 th gestational week or earlier or with birth weight of 1500 g or less should be screened (5).However, screening is also appropriate for infants with greater weight or other gestational age at birth who are considered at risk by pediatrician.Many countries have used international information as a base to create follow-up protocols in the light of national data.Canadian guideline also calls for screening infants with gestational age of 30 weeks or less, while guidelines of UK, Germany and Brazil recommend screening infants with gestational age of 32 weeks or less.Birth weight of 1500 g is independent criterion common to all countries; infants under 1500 g should be screened regardless of birth week.Using national studies, Turkish premature retinopathy guide prepared in 2016 by the Turkish Neonatology Association and the Turkish Ophthalmology Association approved screening of all infants born before 32 weeks.Initial examination was determined to be at 31st week for those born at 27 weeks or less, and postnatal fourth week for those born after 27 th week (6).International Classification of Retinopathy of Prematurity, first published in 1984, expanded in 1987, and revised in 2005, is used to describe the disease (7-9).Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is the interruption of the physiological development of retinal vascularization due to preterm delivery and is a proliferative vitreoretinopathy characterized by an evolving pathological process.Many innovations have emerged in the naming, screening, follow-up, and treatment of the disease in the 70 years since then first defined by Terry.This review is an examination of this difficult and dynamic area of modern-day ophthalmology practice in the light of current information.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.011 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".