Molecular phylogenetics of annual Astragalus (Fabaceae) and its systematic implications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Annual Astragalus spp. are important elements in the floras of Mediterranean areas of Africa, Europe and the deserts of South-West Asia. By reconstructing phylogenetic trees including c. 75% of Old World annual Astragalus spp. and representatives of allied perennial taxa, we sought novel evolutionary insights regarding the phylogenetic position and origins of these species. Our analyses of nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer and plastid trnK/matK sequences included 171 taxa of Astragalus plus nine outgroup taxa to recover the main clades in the genus. Character mapping for five selected morphological characters was conducted on the trees obtained, with a focus on the annual vs. perennial habit. Annual Astragalus spp. have originated in eight clades independently. Although the annual habit is the derived state in most clades recovered, at least two reversions to perenniality are found: one among the early branching lineages and another in the New World Astragalus clade. Our results suggest that the annual strategy has been an important force of selection leading to speciation in several clades of Astragalus and in different geographical areas. Geological events that have favoured the establishment of the annual habit in xeric habitats have probably also favoured the radiation of cushion-forming plants in the adjacent mountainous regions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".