Compaction Grouting as Part of Seismic Retrofit of Two Bridges in British Columbia, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper describes the successful applications of compaction grouting as part of the seismic retrofits of two major bridges across the Fraser River in British Columbia, Canada. At both sites, liquefaction of deep post-glacial river sediments consisting of loose fine sand with trace to some silt is the key issue that affects the seismic performance of the bridge. At Mission Bridge, the south approach piers are founded on timber pile groups. Analyses showed that liquefaction of a 2 m to 3 m thick sand layer beneath the pile toes at 17 m depth would cause unacceptable settlements of the piers. Compaction grouting was consequently used to create an annular ring-shaped densified zone beneath the pile foundations. Grout casings were advanced at 9° inclination to reach the loose zone beneath the pile toes, and grouting was conducted with target volume and limiting pressure established based on trials. At Knight Street Bridge, the south abutment is supported on spread footing founded on liquefiable sand. A horseshoe-shaped ground densification zone around the abutment embankment was designed to reduce liquefaction-induced displacements. Timber compaction piles were used for densification outside the bridge deck. Under the deck, because of the limited headroom (~5 m), compaction grouting to 16 m depth was implemented. Cone penetration tests were conducted at both sites to confirm the effectiveness of compaction grouting densifications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".