Bibliographic record
Abstract
Nine experiments were conducted to explore pitch-time integration in music. In Experiments 1-6, listeners heard a musical context followed by probe events that varied in pitch class and temporal position. When evaluating the goodness-of-fit of the probe (Experiment 1), listeners’ ratings showed more influence of pitch class than of temporal position. The tonal and metric hierarchies contributed additively to ratings. Listeners again rated goodness-of-fit in Experiment 2, but with instructions to ignore pitch. Temporal position dominated ratings, but an effect of pitch consistent with the tonal hierarchy remained. Again, these two factors contributed additively. A speeded classification task in Experiments 3 and 4 revealed asymmetric interference. When making a temporal judgment (Experiment 3), listeners exhibited a response bias consistent with the tonal hierarchy, but the metric hierarchy did not affect their pitch judgments (Experiment 4). Experiments 5 and 6 ruled out alternative explanations based on the presence of pitch classes and temporal positions in the context, unequal numbers of pitch classes and temporal positions in the probe events, and differential difficulty of pitch versus temporal classification. Experiments 7-9 examined the factors that modulate the effect of temporal variation on pitch judgments. In Experiment 7, a standard tone was followed by a tonal context and then a comparison tone. Participants judged whether the comparison tone was in the key of the context or whether it was higher or lower than the standard tone. For both tasks, the comparison tone occurred early, on time, or late with respect to temporal expectancies established by the context. Temporal variation did not affect accuracy in either task. Experiment 8 used the pitch height comparison task, and had either a tonal or an atonal context. Temporal variation affected accuracy only for atonal contexts. Experiment 9 replicated these results and controlled for potential confounds. The findings imply that the tonal contexts found in typical Western music bias attention toward pitch, increasing the salience of this dimension at the expense of time. Pitch salience likely arises from long-term exposure to the statistical properties of Western music and is not linked to the relative discriminability of pitch and time.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".