Intellectual developmental disorders, autism, and schizophrenia spectrum: New boundaries in the neurodevelopmental perspective
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background and aim Recent evidences of clinical overlap, familial co-aggregation, and shared genetic alterations support a neurodevelopmental deviation to represent a probable common vulnerability factor not only for the psychiatric disorders included in the meta-structure of neurodevelopmental disorders, but also for other major psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia. The present paper reviews the literature to identify (1) positive and negative implications of the increasing enlargement of the group of neurodevelopmental disorders and (2) most useful clinical aspect for re-defining diagnostic boundaries between syndromic groups. Methods The search purpose was reached through a systematic mapping of literature. Results The last years’ trend to increasingly enlarge the number of psychiatric features comprised in the autism spectrum should be better evaluated for potential negative impact on research and clinical resources for those autistic syndromes more reliable with Kanner's descriptions or associated with lower personal functioning profiles and different level of ID. Crucial clinical aspects for the differentiation resulted to be age of onset, interest towards others, main positive symptoms, and anatomical anomalies of the central nervous system. Conclusions While on one hand the neurodevelopmental perspective might contribute to a better understanding of the multifactorial aetiopathogenetic mechanisms underlying many psychiatric disorders and provide new intervention strategies, on the other hand it might determine a premature abandonment of the traditional nosology and the appearance of very broad spectrum conditions covering all the range of current psychopathology. Disclosure of interest The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.006 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".