AFRICAN AMERICAN CUSTODIAL GRANDPARENTS: A NATIONAL PROFILE OF HEALTH CHARACTERISTICS AND BEHAVIORS
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The U. S. Census Bureau reports 1.3 million African American (AA) grandparents reside with their grandchildren; nearly half (47%) have full parenting responsibility for their grandchildren’s care. Despite the expanding literature on this family group, more information is needed on “solo grandparents” who are raising their grandchildren on their own. Using the 2012 Behavior Risk Factor Surveillance System survey, we compare the prevalence of medical conditions and health behaviors of 169 AA solo grandparents raising grandchildren in comparison to 1,635 AA single parents. Compared to single parents, AA grandparents had a higher prevalence of several chronic health conditions, including arthritis (50.3% vs.17.5%), COPD (12.5% vs. 3.6%), diabetes (20.1% vs. 6.9%), and coronary heart disease (12.6% vs.2.3%). Although a majority of the grandparents were enrolled in a health plan (92.9%) and had a primary medical provider (89.9%), nearly 44% rated their health as fair or poor. Further, AA grandparents were more likely to have a diagnosis of depression in their lifetime, as compared to single parents (25.4% vs.16.8%). Although AA grandparents were less likely to be overweight (27.9% vs. 33.1%) or obese (36.4% vs.45.8%), they were more likely to be current smokers (35.3% vs. 21.0%). Logistic regression analyses suggested that age differences account for most of the reported variances in chronic conditions between the parenting groups. However, the data illustrate the serious health problems of AA solo grandparents. The impact of the findings on grandparents’ parenting roles is discussed, as well as suggestions for promoting community-based support services.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".