Religious Confessions and the Sciences in the Sixteenth Century
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Religious Confessions and the Sciences in the Sixteenth Century, the proceedings of a conference held in 1998 at the Wittenberg Leucorea Foundation, is a welcome addition to the growing literature on religion and science.It presents eleven diverse case studies, each focusing on a different example of the interaction between religion and science in the 16th century.Section 1, 'Christian Confessions and the Sciences', focuses on Lutheran, Calvinist, and Jesuit developments in Germany and Royal Prussia.Section 2, 'Ways of Transmission', examines the Jewish role in the transmission of science in Italy and the Ottoman Empire after the expulsion of the Jews from Spain in 1492.Section 3, 'Judaism between Tradition and Scientific Discoveries', considers Jewish developments primarily in Italy.It also includes a brief essay on the Maharal of Prague and a more synthetic article on the history of geography in Jewish sources.According to the editors of the volume, the purpose of the conference was to present a very wide perspective on the impact of the Reformation and Counter-Reformation on scientific developments.This wide perspective has in fact produced an extraordinary range of subjects.In this slim volume of 161 pages, the essays range from Germany and Prussia to Italy and the Ottoman Empire, from Lutherans and Calvinists to Jesuits and Jews.There is also a great variety in subjects broached and methods employed.Thus, the fields covered include physics, psychology, anatomy, mathematics, music, mineralogy, astronomy, and geography; and the individual chapters draw on the methods of the history of philosophy and science, the history of ideas, the sociology of science, the history of scientific institutions, intellectual and cultural history, source criticism and the study of influence.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.017 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".