Cement-Bentonite Slurry Walls for Seismic Containment of the Kingston Coal Ash Landfill
Bibliographic record
Abstract
TVA recently capped a coal ash landfill at the Kingston Power Plant. Cement-bentonite slurry walls were built around the two-mile (three-kilometer) circumference of the facility. The landfill contains roughly 18 million cubic yards (14 million cubic meters) of coal fly ash, including material recovered after the 2008 dike failure at the site. Constructed on the footprint of the failed facility, the new landfill must survive a 2,500-year seismic event. The subsurface, perimeter retaining wall system was designed to stabilize the landfill slopes and contain the stored ash in an earthquake that triggers soil liquefaction. The wall layout consists of evenly spaced shear walls, oriented perpendicular to the landfill perimeter, plus circumferential walls in critical segments. Stantec designed the walls using complex, 2D dynamic computer simulations and 3D structural stress analyses. Deep mixing methods were assumed in the bid package, but prospective contractors were encouraged to propose alternate construction technologies. The winning contractor (Geo-Con, now Geo-Solutions) successfully built the walls using cement-bentonite, slurry trench methods. Over 11 miles (18 kilometers) of wall were constructed, requiring over 520,000 cubic yards (400,000 cubic meters) of slurry. Challenges during construction included characterization of achieved wall strength, mitigation of soil inclusions in the slurry walls, treatment of cold construction joints, soft working conditions on top of the old ash deposits, and collapse of trenches in areas with high groundwater levels.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".