Bibliographic record
Abstract
With the multi-antenna design of WiFi interfaces, phased array has become a promising mechanism for accurate WiFi localization. State-of-the-art WiFi-based solutions using AoA (Angle-of-Arrival), however, face a number of critical challenges. First, their localization accuracy degrades dramatically when the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) becomes low. Second, they do not fully utilize coherent processing across all available domains. In this paper, we present ROArray, a Robust Array based system that accurately localizes a target even with low SNRs. In the spatial domain, ROArray can produce sharp AoA spectrums by parameterizing the steering vector based on a sparse grid. Then, to expand into the frequency domain, it jointly estimates the ToAs (Time-of-Arrival) and AoAs of all the paths using multi-subcarrier OFDM measurements. Furthermore, through multi-packet fusion, ROArray is enabled to perform coherent estimation across the spatial, frequency, and time domains. Such coherent processing not only increases the virtual aperture size, which enlarges the number of maximum resolvable paths, but also improves the system robustness to noise. Our implementation using off-the-shelf WiFi cards demonstrates that, with low SNRs, ROArray significantly outperforms state-of-the-art solutions in terms of localization accuracy; when medium or high SNRs are present, it achieves comparable accuracy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".