Intra-limb coordination in boys with and without Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine differences in the nature and effectiveness of intra-limb coordination in boys with and without DCD, in one-handed catching. Ten boys, in each group, attempted to catch at ten balls at 7m/s. Two high-speed cameras (100Hz) were used to derive 3D coordinates. The degree of coordination was inferred from the magnitude of correlation coefficient between angular displacement of the relevant joints; higher values indicated tighter coupling. Standard deviation, calculated across five trials, was used to infer stability. Results showed a significant interaction effect ( F =10.64, p 2 = .39) for the degree of spatial coupling, and subsequent planned comparisons revealed significant differences between the groups for shoulder-elbow (Sh-El) ( w/o DCD = .69; DCD = .80) and elbow-wrist (El-Wr) ( w/o DCD = .79; DCD = .61) joint pairs. Also, a significant group main effect was found for stability ( F (1, 18) = 7.97, p 2 = .32) for the El-Wr ( w/o DCD = .11; DCD = .21). In terms of effectiveness, boys w/ DCD caught fewer balls ( w/o DCD = 85%; DCD = 32%). Contrary to previous work, no universal coordinative tendency emerged for either group confirming that (intra-limb) coordination is dependent on many different constraints. The potential causes of failures exhibited by DCD will be discussed in the context of relevant models of redundancy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".