Effects of ozone as a stand-alone and coagulation-aid treatment on the reduction of trihalomethanes precursors from water with high DOC and low calcium hardness
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT This study investigates the effect of calcium on the water’s susceptibility to the coagulating effects of ozone. Natural water from the Rainy River, characterized by high dissolved organic carbon and low calcium concentration was used in this study. The results were compared with the authors’ previous study conducted on high dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and high calcium concentration water of Assiniboine River. Results showed that pre-ozonation of water prior to coagulation did not result in higher DOC removal efficiencies at coagulant dose of 6 mg L –1 determined as the optimum dose. However, at the low coagulant dosages (0–2 mg L –1 ), the DOC removal by pre-ozonation–coagulation surpasses that achieved by the coagulation alone. The adverse effect of ozone on DOC removal by subsequent coagulation was related to low concentration of calcium hardness in the source water (Rainy River). This was confirmed by the results of pre-ozonation–coagulation of synthetic water containing different level of calcium. For both high and low calcium content waters, application of ozone prior to coagulation was beneficial in terms of reduction of specific trihalomethane formation potential due to transformation of hydrophobic DOC fraction to hydrophilic fractions by ozone. However, the hydrophilic DOC fractions, can only be successfully removed when sufficient concentration of calcium is present.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".