Formational Conditions For the Binntal Emerald Occurrence, Valais, Switzerland: Fluid Inclusion, Chemical Composition, and Stable Isotope Studies
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Emerald from the Binntal occurrence in the Canton of Valais in Switzerland has been studied to determine its chemical zonation, stable isotopic signatures, depositional-fluid characteristics, pressure-temperature emplacement conditions, and formational model. The emerald is vanadium-rich, with optical and blue cathodoluminescence zoning related to chemical variations, primarily in V2O3 concentrations. The hydrogen isotope signature of the emerald channel fluids is unique and in agreement with previously identified high-altitude (deuterium-depleted) Alpine-age meteoric fluids. Field studies, fluid inclusion analyses, and oxygen isotope thermometry are consistent with a metamorphic formational model for the Binntal emerald at temperatures and hydrostatic pressures ranging from 200 to 400 8C and 100 to 250 Mpa, respectively. This corresponds to formational depths on the order of 4 to 9 km and fluids consistent with a 10–20 Ma CO2-dominant fluid with approximate mole percentages of 84.0, 11.9, 1.5, 1.3, 0.3, and 0.5 for CO2, H2O, CH4, N2, H2S, and NaCl, respectively.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".