The role of bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells and angiogenic responses in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Increased vascularity of the bronchial sub-mucosa is a cardinal feature of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and is associated with disease severity. Capillary engorgement, leakage, and vasodilatation can directly increase airway wall thickness resulting in airway luminal narrowing and facilitate inflammatory cell trafficking, thereby contributing to irreversible airflow obstruction, a characteristic of COPD. Airway wall neovascularisation, seen as increases in both the size and number of bronchial blood vessels is a prominent feature of COPD that correlates with reticular basement membrane thickening and airway obstruction. Sub-epithelial vascularization may be an important remodelling event for airway narrowing and airflow obstruction in COPD. Post-natal angiogenesis is a complex process, whereby new blood vessels sprouting from extant microvasculature, can arise from the proliferation of resident mature vascular endothelial cells (ECs). In addition, this may arise from increased turnover and lung-homing of circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) from the bone marrow (BM). Following lung-homing, EPCs can differentiate locally within the tissue into ECs, further contributing to vascular repair, maintenance, and expansion under pathological conditions, governed by a locally elaborated milieu of growth factors (GFs). In this article, we will review evidence for the role of BM-derived EPCs in the development of angiogenesis in the lug and discuss how this may relate to the pathogenesis of COPD.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".