A simplified method to estimate curvatures of continuous pipelines induced by normal fault movement
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Significant permanent fault rupture may occur during earthquakes and induce adverse effects on pipelines when they are located within a fault zone. Although fault movement–pipeline interaction has attracted increasing research attention recently, a simplified method that can be used to directly estimate curvatures of continuous pipelines due to normal fault movement has not been developed. In this study, a systematic finite element (FE) parametric study with 950 FE runs is conducted to investigate normal fault movement–induced bending behavior in continuous pipelines. Centrifuge test results are adopted to verify the numerical model. It is found that ground settlement due to normal fault movement is well captured by an error function. A dimensionless plot is developed between relative pipe–soil stiffness and ratio of maximum pipe curvature to maximum ground curvature. The maximum curvatures of pipelines due to normal fault movement can be estimated directly from the developed dimensionless plot. As the relative pipe–soil stiffness increases from 1.0 × 10 –4 to 1.0 × 10 3 , the curvature ratio decreases from 1 to 0. When the relative pipe–soil stiffness is less than 1.0 × 10 –3 , the curvature ratio is close to 1. In contrast, the curvature ratio is close to zero when the relative pipe–soil stiffness is larger than 10 2 .
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".