All-Organic Sodium Hybrid Capacitor: A New, High-Energy, High-Power Energy Storage System Bridging Batteries and Capacitors
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The development of hybrid capacitors (HCs) has become essential for meeting the rising demand for devices that simultaneously deliver high energy with high power. Although the challenge to develop high-performance HCs remains great, it is also simultaneously essential to develop an eco-friendly and cleaner energy storage system for sustainable future use. To date, hybrid capacitors utilize heavily toxic inorganic insertion electrodes and hazardous coke-derived porous carbon adsorption electrodes to host ions. Herein, we present a conceptually novel all-organic sodium hybrid capacitor (OHC), rationally designed by replacing the conventional electrodes with clean, green, and metal free organic molecules, to host ions. A high energy density of ∼95 Wh kg –1 and an ultrahigh power density of 7 kW kg –1 (based on active mass in both electrodes) are achieved with a low energy loss of ∼0.22% per 100 cycles (∼89% retention after 5000 cycles), outperforming conventional HCs. The outstanding energy–power behavior of OHC bridges the performance gap between batteries and capacitors. This research holds great promise for the development of next-generation eco-friendly, clean, green, and safer high-energy, high-power devices.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".