Insecticide Use Maintains Productivity of European Oilseed Rape Fields
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Oilseed rape is an important crop in the European Union. Rapeseed oil is used in the production of cooking oils, margarines and salad dressings. After the oil has been pressed out, the solid remains of the rapeseed are used as animal feed. Oilseed rape is called “canola” in the U.S. and Canada. The name “rape” originated from the Latin word “rapum” meaning turnip. In Europe, oilseed rape is attacked by a wide range of insect pests. Insects attack the roots, stems, leaves, flowers, pods, and seeds of oilseed rape plants. In the years before development of chemical insecticides, yield losses due to insects in European rapeseed fields were significant. In Germany, a full yield of rapeseed was harvested only one year during the period from 1910 to 1939. Yield reductions from insect pests averaged 25% and amounted to as much as 50% in two years [1]. A recent survey determined that in 18 of 20 European countries, 50% or more of the rapeseed acres are sprayed with insecticides to control populations of blossom beetles (also called pollen beetles)[2]. In 8 of the countries, more than 90% of the rapeseed acres are sprayed for blossom beetles. Blossom beetles hibernate in the woods and migrate to rape fields attracted by the crop’s yellow flowers. The adults feed on pollen, and lay eggs in holes chewed in the base of the flower buds. An individual female lays up to 185 eggs. The eggs hatch and the larvae feed on the flower parts for up to three weeks [3]. Feeding by larvae results in buds falling from the plant, resulting in podless stalks and dramatically reduced yields [4].
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".