Evaluation of the use of <i>Gossypium hirsutum</i> oil and supercritical ethanol for the production of ethyl esters in non‐catalytic process
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The search for new sources of energy requires more and more interaction between the economical and technological viabilities associated with social development, increasing, in this manner, the interest in raw materials that generate regional development. Thus, this work analyzed the viability of ethyl esters production (biodiesel) from Gossypium hirsutum L. (cottonseed oil) without the use of a catalyst, in a continuous supercritical reactor. The reactions occurred at a tubular reactor, under 15 MPa and 20 MPa of pressure, reaction time (3.75–50 min), molar ratio of oil:alcohol (1:30–1:50), and temperature (250–400 °C). The maximum yield obtained was 75.05 % at 375 °C, under 20 or 15 MPa of pressure, molar ratio of oil:ethanol 1:40, and reaction times 30 and 40 min, respectively. A significant influence of the temperature on yield in esters was verified, but there was also thermal degradation under high temperatures, which caused a decrease in the ester's yield. The high content of polyunsaturated acids present in cotton oil possibly hampered the process of transesterification in long periods of reaction time and high temperatures.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".