648 Validation of micro-encapsulation method to protect probiotics and feed enzyme from rumen degradation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We hypothesize that supplementation of live yeast or feed enzyme (FE) may improve intestinal digestion and gut health, but with ruminants, the challenge is to deliver additive with high activity post-ruminally due to the highly proteolytic environment of the rumen. The objective of this study was to develop a micro-encapsulation method by measuring ruminal stability of encapsulated yeast and FE, and its release in the intestine. Live yeast and liquid FE were encapsulated using barley protein hordein and glutelin as capsule material. The barley protein powders were hydrated at pH 11.0 to form a 15% (w/v) solution. The pH was then adjusted to 7.0 followed by an immediate mixing with yeast or FE to form a coarse emulsion using a homogenizer. Microcapsules were then formed by passing the premixed emulsion through a microfluidizer system. The mixtures were spray-dried using a laboratory scale spray dryer. The ratio of capsule to additive was 1:1. The stability of encapsulated products in the rumen was measured as DM disappearance (DMD) in batch culture. Briefly, the encapsulated products (100 mg) were weighed into Ankom bags and placed in 100-mL serum bottles. Rumen inoculant (15 mL) from beef heifer and buffer solution (45 mL) was added to each bottle and incubated at 39°C for 0, 3, 6, 12 or 24 h. The residues in bags were digested in 1% pancreatin solution for 1 h to remove the encapsulation protection. Number of yeast colonies (cfu/g) was enumerated by spread plate method. Enzyme activity (EC 3.2.1.1) was assayed and expressed as μmol glucose equivalents/min/g FE. The DMD of encapsulated yeast were 3.1, 7.8, 9.1, 12.0 or 16.0%, and the cfu were 9.5, 2.2, 1.3, 1.1 and 0.6 (× 109), respectively, for residues after 0, 3, 6, 12, and 24 h of incubation. The DMD of encapsulated FE were 5.1, 31.4, 33.8, 40.6 or 43.6%, and the enzyme activity in residue were 41.9, 33.8, 19.7, 12.7 and 10.2 µmol/min/g, respectively, at 0, 3, 6, 12 and 24 h of incubation. The results showed that the encapsulated yeast products were stable in the rumen. Subsequently, the encapsulated yeast was released by digesting in pancreatin solution and cfu counts demonstrated over 90% survival rates. It suggests that this encapsulation technique is applicable as a novel method for delivering active yeast to the intestine. However, this technique may be not efficacy to protect liquid enzyme from rumen degradation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".