Transitions from distyly to homostyly are associated with floral evolution in the buckwheat genus (<i>Fagopyrum</i>)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Documenting trait transitions among species with dimorphic flowers can help to test whether similar patterns of selection are responsible for divergence in floral traits among different species. Heterostyly is thought to promote outcrossing. Theory suggests that the evolutionary transition from heterostylous to homostylous flowers should be accompanied by a reduction in floral size in which pollen size and style length are expected to covary. Patterns of such correlated floral trait evolution have not, however, been widely examined. METHODS: The evolutionary history of heterostyly and homostyly was reconstructed from a molecular phylogeny of 13 species of Fagopyrum and two outgroups, based on one nuclear gene (nrITS) and three chloroplast regions (matK, atpB-rbcL, and psbA-trnH spacer). Floral traits of nine Fagopyrum species including pollen number and size, as well as stigma depth (length of the capitate stigma), were measured and ancestral characters of the herkogamic condition were reconstructed. KEY RESULTS: Three transitions from distyly to homostyly were observed. In two transitions, flower size (corolla diameter, pedicel length), herkogamy (stigma-anther distance) and pollen production decreased, but stigma depth and pollen size did not. Changes of anther height and style length were inconsistent. The predicted positive relationship between style length and pollen size in the two transitions to homostyly was not observed. CONCLUSIONS: Floral evolution accompanying transitions to homostyly in Fagopyrum were found to be consistent with predictions of mating system evolution theory, and the correlation of traits in distylous vs. homostylous species revealed that pollen size generally correlates with stigma depth rather than style length.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".