676 Effects of grain source and starch concentration in dairy goat diet on ruminal fermentation, milk production, and inflammation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of grain (corn vs. wheat) and starch concentrations (low vs. high starch) on ruminal pH, milk production, and inflammatory response in dairy goats. Eight ruminally cannulated lactating goats (34 ± 3.1 kg of BW and 180 ± 8.2 d in milk) were used in a crossover design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Each period lasted for 27 d. During the first 10 d, goats were fed low-starch (LS) diets (d 8 to 10 for data collection); d 11 to 17, they were transitioned to high-starch (HS) diet; d 18 to 25, the goats were fed the HS diet; and data was collected d 25 to 27. Goats were fed a total mixed diet ad libitum twice daily. Diets were formulated as isonitrogenous (13.6%) and isoenergetic with forage-to-concentrate ratios of 60:40 and 35:65 for LS (24%) and HS (39% starch, DM basis) diets, respectively. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS with model including diets as fixed effects and random effect of period and animal. Intake of DM (averaged 1.06 kg/d) was affected neither by grain source nor by starch concentration. However, goats fed the HS diet produced more (P < 0.05) milk (0.82 vs. 0.67 kg/d) and lactose (35.0 vs. 27.3 g/d) than goats fed the LS diet. Ruminal pH (averaged 6.15) did not differ but duration of pH < 5.6 was longer (P < 0.05) with wheat (232 min/d) than with corn (140 min/d). Ruminal pH was greater (6.16 vs. 5.87; P < 0.05) and duration of pH < 5.6 was shorter (33 vs. 339 min) for the HS diet than the LS diet. Concentration of ruminal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was greater (P < 0.05) with wheat than with corn (35.5 vs. 22.1 ×103 EU/mL). Goats fed the HS diet also had greater (P < 0.05) LPS concentration in ruminal fluid (40.3 vs. 17.3 × 103 EU/mL) than goats fed the LS diet. Blood concentration of serum amyloid A (SAA; 75.7 vs. 62.7 μg/mL), haptoglobin (Hp; 96.3 vs. 91.6 μg/mL), and LPS binding protein (LBP; 2.3 vs. 1.6 μg/mL) were not affected by grain source, but goats fed the HS diet had more (P < 0.05) SAA (89.3 vs. 49.1), Hp (116.7 vs. 71.2), and LBP (2.4 vs. 1.5 μg/mL) than goats fed the LS diet. These results indicated that replacing corn with wheat in a lactating goat diet had little impact on ruminal pH and milk production. However, increasing starch concentration in goat diets is beneficial to improve milk production and immune activity by stimulating inflammatory response.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".