Intrauterine delivery of subunit vaccines induces a systemic and mucosal immune response in rabbits
Bibliographic record
Abstract
PROBLEM: Mucosal vaccines have long been sought after to improve protection though the production of both a mucosal and systemic immune response, and are thought to be particularly effective at the site of induction. Development of such vaccines has, however, been delayed by the general propensity to develop immune tolerance to antigens encountered at mucosal sites. This study aimed to determine whether an appropriately formulated subunit vaccine delivered to the uterine lumen would effectively trigger induction of immunity over tolerance. METHODS: Ovalbumin (OVA), truncated glycoprotein D (tGD) from bovine herpesvirus, and a fusion protein of porcine parvovirus VP2 and bacterial thioredoxin (rVP2-TrX) were each formulated with a tri-adjuvant combination of Poly(I : C) (PIC), a host defense peptide (HDP), and a polyphosphazene (PCEP). A single dose of vaccine was delivered either intramuscularly (IM) or into the uterine lumen of intact female rabbits, and the humoral response subsequently evaluated both systemically and at local and distal mucosal sites. RESULTS: Vaccination through either route-induced antigen-specific humoral responses systemically and within the local (uterus) and distal mucosa (lungs and vagina). The observed mucosal response was not compartmentalized to, or within, the upper genital tract and the degree of response appeared to be at least in part antigen dependant. CONCLUSION: The results of this study provide proof of principle that the uterus can be used as an induction site for subunit vaccination and that vaccine formulation with appropriate adjuvants can trigger both systemic and mucosal immunity when administered IM or into the uterine lumen.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".