Heat Transfer and Thermodynamic Analyses of a Novel Solid–Gas Thermochemical Strontium Chloride–Ammonia Thermal Energy Storage System
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
A novel solid–gas thermochemical sorption thermal energy storage (TES) system for solar heating and cooling applications operating on four steady-state flow devices and with two transient storage tanks is proposed. The TES system stores solar or waste thermal energy in the form of chemical bonds as the working gas is desorbed from the solid. Strontium chloride–ammonia is the working solid–gas couple in the thermochemical sorption TES system. Strontium chloride–ammonia has a moderate working temperature range that is appropriate for building heating and cooling applications. The steady-state devices in the system are simulated using Aspen Plus, and the two transient components are simulated using the ENGINEERING EQUATION SOLVER (EES) package. Multiple cases are examined of different heat and cold production temperatures for both heating and cooling applications for a constant thermal energy input temperature. Energy and exergy analyses are performed on the system for all simulated cases. The maximum energy and exergy efficiencies for heating applications are 65.4% and 50.8%, respectively, when the heat is generated at a temperature of 87 °C. The maximum energy and exergy efficiencies for cooling applications are 29.3% when the cold production temperature is 0 °C and 22.9% when it is −35 °C, respectively. The maximum heat produced per mass of the ammonia produced, for 100% conversion of the reactants in the chemical reaction, is 2010 kJ/kg at a heat production temperature of 87 °C, and the maximum cold energy generated is 902 kJ/kg at a temperature of 0 °C. Finally, the system is modified to operate as a heat pump, and energy and exergy analyses are performed on the thermochemical heat pump. It is found that the maximum energy and exergy coefficients of performance (COP) achieved by upgrading heat from 87 °C to 96 °C are 1.4 and 3.6, respectively, and the maximum energy and exergy efficiencies are 56.4% and 79.0%, respectively.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it