Polymer-enhanced bentonite–sand to cover calcium-rich soil
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The hydraulic and chemical properties of a polymer-enhanced bentonite–sand mixture (PEBSM) used as cover over calcium (Ca)-rich soil for 4 years is evaluated based on a series of isothermal laboratory-scale experiments. A 0·5 m thick calcium-rich soil (porewater with 1500 mg/l calcium ion (Ca2+)) was compacted into a laboratory column and then covered by a 0·07 m thick PEBSM layer. The PEBSM either was covered by an intact geomembrane (GMB) to mimic a composite liner or was in direct contact with the overlying soil (to simulate the case of a single-liner system). The hydraulic conductivity (k) and exchangeable cations of PEBSM were measured after 9, 21 and 48 months of exposure. The test results show that when PEBSM is used as a barrier over calcium-rich soil, there is only a small difference between the k of PEBSM covered with GMB (2·7 × 10−10 m/s) compared to the case without GMB (7·8 × 10−10 m/s) after 4 years in service. For both cases, k values after 48 months are considered low.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".